Bridge Management, Diagnostics, and Vibration Monitoring
Anzhelika Stakhova
Department of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Slovak University of Technology
in Bratislava
Sergii Filonenko
State University "Kyiv Aviation Institute", Ukraine
Katarína Lamperová
Department of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Slovak University of Technology
in Bratislava
Abstract:
"The monograph “Bridge Management, Diagnostics, and Vibration Monitoring” presents a comprehensive study of modern methods and technologies for assessing, maintaining, and improving the operational safety of bridge structures. It combines theoretical foundations, analytical formulations, and experimental results to address the key aspects of bridge diagnostics and dynamic behaviour analysis. Particular attention is devoted to vibration-based diagnostic techniques, which enable the identification of structural defects and changes in stiffness through variations in dynamic response.
The publication examines the mathematical models underlying induction-type velocity sensors and other transducers used for vibration measurement, establishing the relationships between mechanical motion and electrical signal conversion. Numerical modelling and finite element simulations in ANSYS are employed to study the dynamic characteristics of bridge structures, including natural frequencies, mode shapes, and resonance phenomena. The comparison between simulation and experimental data confirms the validity of the adopted diagnostic methods and demonstrates their applicability to real bridge systems.
This work contributes to the development of integrated bridge management systems that combine monitoring, modelling, and maintenance planning within a unified framework. It is intended for researchers, engineers, and professionals in structural diagnostics, bridge design, and maintenance, providing both methodological and practical insights into the effective management of bridge infrastructure."
DOI: 10.61544/DRCY6448
Literatúra:
[1] Ryall, M. J., Bridge Management. Elsevier, Oxford, 2001.
[2] Hudson, W. R., et al. Annual Transportation Convention (ATC) and Jaarlikse Vervoerwesekonvensie (JVK). In Proceedings of the Annual Transportation Convention = Jaarlikse Vervoerwesekonvensie, CSIR Conference Centre, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, 4–7 August 1986; Vol. 2B – Transport Infrastructure Management I.
[3] Farrar, C. R., Worden, K. An introduction to structural health monitoring. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2007, 365 (1851), 303–315.
[4] Hudson, S. W., Carmichael, R. F., Moser, L. O., Hudson, W. R., Wilkes, W. J. Bridge Management Systems. NCHRP Report 300, Project 12-28(2), Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, December 1987.
[5] Hajdin, R. Bridge Management Systems. Structural Engineering International, 1998, 3, 98.
[6] Golabi, K., Shepard, R. Pontis: A system for maintenance optimization and improvement of US bridge networks. Interfaces, 1997, 27 (1), 71–88.
[7] Small, E. P., Philbin, T., Fraher, M., Romack, G. P. Current status of bridge management system implementation in the United States. In Proceedings of the 8th International Bridge Management Conference, April 1999; Vol. 2.
[8] Hawk, H. BRIDGIT: User-friendly approach to bridge management. Transportation Research Circular, 1999, 498 (1).
[9] Lefeuvre, J. OA-MéGA: une méthode de gestion automatisée des ouvrages d’art. Revue Générale des Routes (RGRA), 2000, 785, 67–68.
[10] Kähkönen, A., Marshall, A. R. Optimization of Bridge Maintenance Appropriations with the Help of a Management System – Development of a Bridge Management System in Finland. In Bridge Management; Harding, J. E., Parke, G. A. R., Ryall, M. J. (Eds.); Springer: Boston, MA, 1990; pp. 101–111.
[11] Wang, Y., Chen, Z., He, Z., et al. A brief introduction of the Danish bridge management system. Guangdong Highway Traffic, 1994, (3), 48–61.
[12] Gáspár, L., Lublóy, L. Adaptation of the Pontis prediction model to Hungarian conditions. In Proceedings of the International Bridge Management Conference, Denver, CO, United States, April 1999.
[13] Linee guida per la classificazione e gestione del rischio, la valutazione della sicurezza ed il monitoraggio dei ponti esistenti. Decreto Ministeriale N. 578 del 17/12/2020. Available online: https://www.mit.gov.it/normativa/decreto-ministeriale-numero-578-del-17122020 (accessed 27 October 2023).
[14] Thompson, P. D., Najafi, F. T., Soares, R., Kerr, R. Development of Pontis user cost models for Florida. In Proceedings of the 8th International Bridge Management Conference, Transportation Research Board, Denver, Colorado, USA, April 1999.
[15] Szabó, L. Sustainability, creativity and innovation in project management – Model development for assessing organizational performance through projects. Vezetéstudomány – Budapest Management Review, 2016, 47 (10), 3–18.
[16] Rafiq, M. I. Health Monitoring in Proactive Reliability Management of Deteriorating Concrete Bridges. University of Surrey, United Kingdom, 2005.
[17] Roelfstra, G., Hajdin, R., Adey, B., Brühwiler, E. Condition evolution in bridge management systems and corrosion-induced deterioration. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2004, 9 (3), 268–277.
[18] O’Connor, D., Drumm, R. Bridge management systems: advancing the science. TR News, 1994, (173), 17–21.
[19] Lauridsen, J., Lassen, B. The Danish bridge management system DANBRO. In Management of Highway Structures; Das, P. C. (Ed.); Thomas Telford Publishing, 1999; pp. 61–70.
[20] Hammad, A. W., Yan, J., Mostofi, B. Recent development of bridge management systems in Canada. In 2007 Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Transportation Association of Canada: Transportation – An Economic Enabler, Transportation Association of Canada (TAC), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2007.
[21] Huckelbridge, A. Development of a Load Test for Evaluation and Rating of Short-Span Reinforced Slab Bridges. Department of Civil Engineering, Western Reserve University, January 2002; Final Report No. FHWA/OH-2002/012, 47 p.
[22] Harlan, M. D. Field Test of a Bridge Deck with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars as the Top Mat of Reinforcement. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, June 2004; Final Report, 110 p.
[23] Lucas, J., Cousins, T. E., Brown, M. C., et al. Structural Load Testing and Flexure Analysis of the Route 701 Bridge in Louisa County, Virginia. Virginia Transportation Research Council, June 2004; Final Report VTRC 04-R12, 31 p.
[24] Nowak, A. S., Eom, J., Ferrand, D. Verification of Girder Distribution Factors for Continuous Steel Girder Bridges. University of Michigan, May 2003; Final Report No. RC-1429, 235 p.
[25] Kassner, B. L. Long-Term In-Service Evaluation of Two Bridges Designed with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Girders. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, September 2004; Master’s Thesis, 165 p.
[26] Saouma, V. E. Structural Concepts and Systems for Architects. University of Colorado, 2005; 264 p.
[27] Filonenko, S.; Stakhova, A. Methods for Processing Signal Conversion in Velocity and Acceleration Measurement Considering Transducer Characteristics. Engineering Proceedings, 2025, 87, 61.
[28] Karoumi, R.; James, G.; Myrvoll, F.; Lundh, L.; Ronnebrant, R. Monitoring the Structural Behavior of the New Svinesund Bridge. In Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Structural Dynamics (EURODYN), Paris, France, 4–7 September 2005; pp. 53–58.
[29] Hou, T. C.; Lynch, J. P. Rapid-to-Deploy Wireless Monitoring Systems for Static and Dynamic Load Testing of Bridges. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, USA, 26 February 2006; Vol. 6534, pp. 134–140.
[30] AASHTO Guide Specifications for Distribution of Loads for Highway Bridges. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1994.
[31] AASHTO. LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 10th ed.; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, USA, 2024.
[32] AASHTO. LRFD Guide Specifications for the Design of Pedestrian Bridges, 2nd ed.; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, USA, 2020.
[33] Wong, K.; Man, K.; Chan, W. Monitoring Hong Kong’s Bridges – Real-Time Kinematic Spans the Gap. GPS World, 2005, 12, 10–18.
[34] Taylor, S. E.; Ritter, M. A. Development and Testing of Portable Glulam Timber Bridge Systems. In Proceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 9–13 January 2000; Paper No. 00-0334, 16 p.
[35] Ritter, M. A.; Wood, D. L.; Wipf, T. J., et al. Dynamic Response of Stress-Laminated-Deck Bridges. In Proceedings of the 4th International Bridge Engineering Conference, Washington, DC, 28–30 August 1995; Vol. 2, pp. 381–394.
[36] Tang, J.; Chen, W.; Zhang, P.; Jiang, J. Structural Health Monitoring of Long-Span Bridges Using Digital Twin Technology: A Review. Automation in Construction, 2023, 145, 104634.
[37] Zhou, Y.; Li, Z.; Wang, Q.; Wu, S. Advances in Smart Sensors for Bridge Structural Health Monitoring: A Review. Sensors, 2022, 22, 3721.
[38] Kwon, K.; Ahn, J.; Jeong, H.; Cho, S. Machine Learning-Based Damage Detection for Bridge Structures Using Sensor Data. Sensors, 2022, 22, 982.
[39] Chaallal, O.; Shahawy, M. Experimental Evaluation of Dynamic Amplification for Evaluation of Bridge Performance. University of Quebec, Canada, June 1998; Technical Report No. ETS.DRSR.98.1, 67 p.
[40] Zhang, L.; Pan, Y.; Guo, T.; Zhao, J. Advanced Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges Using UAV and AI Integration. Automation in Construction, 2023, 146, 104780.
[41] Zhang, Y.; Sun, X.; Yang, W.; Li, Y. AI-Driven Approaches for Bridge Damage Detection: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Engineering Structures, 2023, 265, 114483.
[42] Chopra, A. K. Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, 5th ed.; Pearson Education, 2017.
[43] Kwon, S.-K.; Song, H.; Kim, J.-M. Deep Learning Models for Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges. Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, 2023, 13, 45–60.
[44] Ren, W. X.; Harik, I. E.; Blandford, G. E.; Lenett, M.; Basehart, T. M. Roebling Suspension Bridge. II: Ambient Testing and Live-Load Response. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2004, 9, 119–126.
[45] Medvediev, K.; Kharchenko, A.; Stakhova, A.; Tsybulskyi, V.; Beko, A. Methodology for Assessing the Technical Condition and Durability of Bridge Structures. Infrastructures, 2024, 9, 16.
[46] Taylor, S. E.; Ritter, M. A. Development and Testing of Portable Glulam Timber Bridge Systems. In Proceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, USA, 9–13 January 2000; Paper No. 00-0334.
[47] Cury, A.; Cremona, C.; Smith, I. F. C. Damage Detection and Localization in Bridges Using Frequency Changes and Sensitivity Methods. Engineering Structures, 2019, 190, 332–345.
[48] Zhou, Y.; Li, H.; Ou, J. A Review of Vibration-Based Damage Identification Methods for Civil Structures. Journal of Bridge Engineering (ASCE), 2020, 25 (9), 04020070.
[49] Ren, W. X.; Zatar, W.; Harik, I. E. Ambient Vibration-Based Seismic Evaluation of a Continuous Girder Bridge. Engineering Structures, 2004, 26, 631–640.
[50] Samali, L. J.; Crews, K. I. Load Rating of Impaired Bridges Using Dynamic Method. EJSE Special Issue: Loading on Structures, 2007, 66–75.
[51] Lu, K. C.; Wang, Y.; Lynch, J. P., et al. Ambient Vibration Study of the Gi-Lu Cable-Stay Bridge: Application of Wireless Sensing Units. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 2006, 19 (4), 174–185.
[52] Fu, Y.; Li, H.; Ou, J. Application of Piezoelectric-Based Smart Aggregates for Structural Health Monitoring: A State-of-the-Art Review. Sensors, 2018, 18 (2), 431.
[53] Abdeljaber, O.; Avci, O.; Kiranyaz, S., et al. Real-Time Vibration-Based Structural Damage Detection Using Piezoelectric Sensors and Machine Learning Techniques. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2018, 107, 89–103.
[54] Kim, C. W.; Zhang, Y. Bridge Vibration Monitoring Using Velocity-Type and Acceleration-Type Sensors: Comparative Evaluation and Hybrid Approaches. Journal of Bridge Engineering (ASCE), 2021, 26 (5), 04021023.
[55] Huckelbridge, A.; Zalewski, B. Dynamic Load Environment of Bridge-Mounted Sign Support Structures. Case Western Reserve University, September 2005; Final Report No. ST/SS/05-002, 67 p.
[56] Pollino, M.; Bruneau, M. Seismic Retrofit of Bridge Steel Truss Pier Anchorage Connections. In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, 1–6 August 2004; Paper No. 33303, 9 p.
[57] Bien, J.; Krzyzanowski, J.; Poprawski, W., et al. Experimental Study of Bridge Structure Dynamic Characteristics Using Periodic Excitation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA 2002), Leuven, Belgium, 2002; pp. 555–562.
[58] Bien, J.; Kmita, J.; Rawa, P.; Zwolski, J. Test of Swietokrzyski Bridge over the Vistula River in Warsaw. Inżynieria i Budownictwo, 2002, (3–4), 166–170.
[59] Bochkarev, N. N.; Kartopolzev, A. V.; Selivanova, T. V. Vibrations of Transport Superstructures under the Influence of Random Traffic Stream. In Proceedings of the XV Session of the Russian Acoustic Society, Moscow, Russia, 15–18 November 2004; pp. 527–531.
[60] Hou, T. C.; Lynch, J. P. Rapid-to-Deploy Wireless Monitoring Systems for Static and Dynamic Load Testing of Bridges: Validation on the Grove Street Bridge. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, USA, 26 February–2 March 2006; Vol. 6534, pp. 134–140.
[61] Kim, C. W.; Kawatani, M. Vehicle–Bridge Interaction Analysis for Design and Maintenance of Bridges under Moving Vehicles. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2018, 417, 193–216.
[62] Zhang, Y.; Kim, C. W.; Nagayama, T. Identification of Bridge Resonance Conditions under Moving Vehicles Using Vibration Measurements and Numerical Simulation. Engineering Structures, 2020, 219, 110924.
[63] ISO 532-1:2017. Acoustics — Methods for Calculating Loudness — Part 1: Zwicker Method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
[64] IEC 61672-1:2013. Electroacoustics — Sound Level Meters — Part 1: Specifications. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
[65] Beranek, L. L. Acoustics: Sound Fields and Transducers. Academic Press, 2019.
[66] Khanna, V.; Singal, S. Noise Pollution and Its Control in Industries. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, 260, 110123.
[67] Cheremisinoff, N. P. Noise Control in Industry: A Practical Guide. Elsevier, 1996.
[68] IEC 61672-1:2013. Electroacoustics — Sound Level Meters — Part 1: Specifications. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
[69] Benetech Instruments Co., Ltd. GM1352 Digital Sound Level Meter – Technical Datasheet. Shenzhen, China, 2020.
[70] De Silva, C. W. (Ed.). Vibration and Shock Handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005.
[71] PCE Instruments GmbH. PCE-428 Sound Level Meter – Technical Datasheet. Meschede, Germany, 2021.
[72] ISO 10816-4:2009. Mechanical Vibration — Evaluation of Machine Vibration by Measurements on Non-Rotating Parts. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
[73] ISO 20816-4:2018. Mechanical Vibration — Measurement and Evaluation of Machine Vibration. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.
[74] Elgar, P. Sensors for Measurement and Control. Addison-Wesley Longman, Essex, England, 1998.
[75] Histand, M. B.; Alciatore, D. G. Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems. WCB/McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA, USA, 1999.
[76] Barszcz, T. Architecture and Performance of RPC-Based Distributed Vibration Monitoring and Diagnostic System. Measurement, 2009, 42 (4), 532–541.
[77] Firmansah, A.; Mufti, N.; Affandi, A. N.; Zaeni, I. A. E. Self-Powered IoT-Based Vibration Monitoring of Induction Motor for Diagnostic and Failure Prediction. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, 588 (1), 012016.
[78] Zaporozhets, K. A.; Lane, S. D.; Kamal, M. A. M. Vibration-Based Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges: Theory and Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2022.
[79] Haykin, S. I.; Van Veen, B. Signals and Systems, 3rd ed.; Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2021; Chapter 12: Electromechanical Transduction and Vibration Measurement.
[80] Stakhova, A.; Bekö, A. Simulation and Computer Modeling of Bridge Structures Dynamics Using ANSYS. Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska, 2024, 14 (1), 53–56.
