Application for Admission

Academic Year
2002/2003

CEU Admissions Office 
Nador u. 9
Budapest H-1051
Hungary
Tel: (36-1) 327-3009, 327-3208, 327-3210, 327-3272
Fax: (36-1) 327-3211
Email: admissions@ceu.hu

Also available at 
http://www.ceu.hu (Prospective Students)

Non-Discrimination Policy
Central European University does not discriminate on the basis of – including, but not limited to – race, color, national and ethnic origin, religion, gender or sexual orientation in administering its policies, admissions policies, scholarship and loan programs, and athletic and other school-administered programs.

I.	Application Documents

All applicants must provide CEU with the following documents by the deadlines previously outlined. Students must submit one original and one photocopy of the application materials for each degree program that they are applying to. Students may apply to up to two departments or programs. All application materials should be submitted to the Admissions Office or the CEU coordinator at the local Soros foundation or educational advising center.

Checklist
1.	Completed CEU Application Form (one original and one copy for each degree program)
2.	Essay or statement of purpose (see department- or program-specific requirements below)
3.	A full curriculum vitae or resume, including a list of publications, if any
4.	Academic Records:
4.1. Copy of the diploma in the original language with an ink stamp and a signature of a notary public or an authorized university official
4.2. Official English language translation of the diploma with an ink stamp and a signature of the translating company or an authorized university official
4.3. Copy of the final transcript in the original language with an ink stamp and a signature of a notary public or an authorized university official
4.4. Official English language translation of the transcript with an ink stamp and a signature of the translating company or an authorized university official
4.5. If the applicant is enrolled in the final year of his/her academic program the submission of an official letter in English with an ink stamp from the university is required, stating that the student is expected to complete his/her course of study by August 1, 2002.
5.	Two (or three, depending on the department’s or program’s requirements) letters of recommendation assessing the applicant’s ability to conduct graduate-level work and his/her potential for a successful academic or professional career in, or related to, the region. 
6.	Proof of English proficiency, defined as an official score report from one of the English language examinations listed under “Language Requirements”. Applicants from CEE/fSU and other countries where Soros foundations operate may request to take the institutional TOEFL and CEU examinations administered and sponsored annually by CEU.  
7.	Special requirements may also be set by the particular department/program to which the applicant is seeking admission.

Additional/Specific Department or Program Requirements

Department of Economics
•	Applicants must obtain a minimum TOEFL score of 570 (CTOEFL 230). 
•	Applicants to both MA program options must attach a 500-word typewritten essay on the relevance of their academic/professional background to further studies at CEU, indicate a preferred research topic, and outline future career goals. 
•	Applicants to the one-year MA degree option: attach a one-page typewritten letter along with outlines of all relevant courses taken. 
•	Applicants to the MS in Banking and Finance must submit a GMAT score by February 15, 2002.
•	Applicants to the PhD program: GRE test scores should be submitted by January 7, 2002 along with the application materials, or by February 15, 2002 at the latest. Three letters of recommendation, and a three-page typewritten research proposal are also required. 

Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy
•	Applicants must attach a 250-word typewritten statement of career goals and reasons for applying to this program. 

Program on Gender and Culture
•	Applicants must attach a 500-word typewritten essay on the relevance of their academic/professional background to further studies at CEU and state their future career goals. 

Department of History
•	Applicants to the MA program must attach a 500-word typewritten outline of their proposed research topic or indicate a preferred area of interest. 
•	Applicants to the PhD program must attach three letters of recommendation and a three-page typewritten research proposal. 

Department of International Relations and European Studies
•	Applicants to the MA Program must attach a 500-word typewritten statement outlining their study and research interests. 
•	Applicants to the PhD program must refer to the entry requirements for the PhD in Political Science. 

Department of Legal Studies
•	Applicants to the LLM and MA programs must attach a 300-word handwritten essay, on a specific legal or human rights issue of special interest to them.
•	Applicants to the SJD and DSP programs must attach a 2000-word typewritten detailed research project. 

Department of Mathematics and its Applications
•	Applicants to the PhD program must submit three letters of recommendation. 
•	Applicants to the PhD program must submit a 250-word summary of the applicant’s mathematical and educational background, achievements and future goals.  

Department of Medieval Studies
•	Applicants to the MA program must attach a 500-word typewritten outline of their proposed research topic. 
•	Applicants to the PhD program must attach a three- to five-page typewritten description of their proposed PhD thesis and a one- to two-page research proposal. 

Nationalism Studies Program
•	Applicants to the MA program must attach a 500-word typewritten outline of their proposed research topic and one writing sample, e.g., a term paper of minimum ten pages. 
•	Applicants to the History PhD program with a specialization in Nationalism Studies must attach a 500-word typewritten outline of their proposed research topic and one writing sample, e.g., a term paper of a minimum of ten pages. 

Department of Philosophy
•	Applicants must attach a 500-word typewritten statement of purpose. 

Department of Political Science
•	Applicants to the MA program must attach a 500-word typewritten essay on the relevance of their academic/professional background to further studies at CEU and future career goals. 
•	Applicants to the PhD program must attach a three-page typewritten outline of their MA thesis and a 500-word typewritten statement of purpose. 

Department of Sociology
•	Applicants to the MA program must attach a 500-word typewritten essay on the relevance of their academic/professional background to further studies at CEU and state their future career goals. 
•	Applicants to the PhD program must attach a three-page typewritten PhD research proposal. 

All applicants to doctoral support programs must submit a three- to five-page description of their PhD theses including research questions, theory and methodology, current status of their projects, a one- to two-page research proposal and a letter of support from their PhD advisor in addition to the required two letters of recommendation. 

II. 	Directions

Please read these directions carefully. Failure to follow the guidelines below may result in the withdrawal of your application from the selection process. 

1)	Type or print (in ink) only and provide all requested information in English. All documents issued in another language must be translated into English by either an official translation service or your university/college and should bear an ink or dry stamp. 

2)	All sections of the application must be completed. The form must be submitted with all essays and/or other attachments required by individual departments. All attachments should clearly indicate your name, contact address and the department applied to.

3)	Please arrange for the required letters of recommendation to be completed by people who can attest to your abilities and qualifications for the department/program to which you are applying. Instructions can be found on the recommendation forms (attached).

4)	Please mail your completed application and attachments to the CEU Admissions Office, Nador u. 9, 1051 Budapest, Hungary or to your local Soros foundation/educational advising center. Your application and all related materials must be received by CEU no later than January 7, 2002. Please check with the local CEU coordinator for any internal deadlines for submission directly to the local Soros foundation. Incomplete applications will not be processed.

5)	Applications must be mailed or delivered in person. Emailed and faxed applications will not be processed or considered.

6)	Please retain a copy of this application and all attachments for your records and to help guard against problems with the post. CEU does not return application materials for any reason.

III. 	Soros Foundation/Educational Advising Center Codes

To be used on page 6, section B. If you live in any of the countries below, please list the Soros foundation closest to you. If you live in a country without a foundation office, you may leave the question blank.

Albania	Alb	Macedonia	Mac	Tajikistan	Taj	
Armenia	Arm	Moldova	Mol	Ukraine		
Azerbaijan	Aze	Mongolia	Mon	     Kharkov	Kha	
Belarus	Bel	Poland	Pol	     Kiev	Kie	
Bosnia & Herzegovina	Bos	Romania		     Lviv	Lvi	
Bulgaria	Bul	     Bucharest	Buc	     Odessa	Ode	
Croatia	Cro	     Cluj	Clu	Uzbekistan	Uzb	
Czech Republic	Cze	Russia		Yugoslavia	Yug	
Estonia	Est	     Moscow	Mos	      Kosovo	Kos	
Georgia	Geo	     Nizhny Novgorod	Niz	      Montenegro	Mot	
Kazakhstan	Kaz	     Novosibirsk	Nov			
Kyrgyzstan	Kyr	     Samara	Sam			
Latvia	Lat	     St. Petersburg	Stp			
Lithuania	Lit	Slovakia	Slo			

IV. 	Submitting Your Application(s) 

Please indicate the CEU department(s) or program(s) to which you are applying. You may apply to one, or maximum two, different department(s) or program(s), and you must indicate your order of preference below the table. Please submit one original and one photocopy of the application materials per department or program that you are applying to. If you are applying to more than one degree option within a department or program, please rank the order of preference inside the table and submit an additional photocopy per degree. All materials should be submitted together. Please note that CEU will not make additional photocopies of your application materials. 

For example:
1)	If you are applying to the Nationalism Studies Program only, you should submit one original and one photocopy of your application materials.

2)	If you are applying to the Nationalism Studies Program and the Program on Gender and Culture you should submit two originals and two photocopies, and rank your order of preference below the table.  

3)	If you are applying to the Department of Economics MA and MS programs, you should submit one original and two photocopies and mark your order of preference within the department inside the table.

4)	If you are applying to the Legal Studies Department LLM and MA programs and the Economics MA and MS programs, you should submit the application materials in the following manner: Legal Studies: one original and two photocopies; and Economics: one original and two photocopies. You should also rank your departmental order of preference below the table and degree order of preference inside the table.

CEU APPLICATION FORM

Name of Applicant (as it appears in your international passport): 		Sex:	 Male	 Female

________________________________________________________________________________
Family Name				First Name			 Middle Initial	

A.	Educational Objectives
Please follow the instructions under point IV on the previous page.

Budapest, Hungary
•	Department of Economics
(Please rank the order of preference for the degree programs.)	•	MA in Economics: One-year Program
•	MA in Economics: Two-year Program
•	MS in Banking and Finance
•	PhD in Economics	
•	Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy
	•	MS in Environmental Sciences and Policy 
	
•	Program on Gender and Culture
	•	MA in Gender Studies
•	PhD in Comparative History of Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe, Gender Studies Specialization	
•	Department of History
	•	MA in European History
•	PhD in Comparative History of Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe	
•	Department of International Relations and European Studies
	•	MA in International Relations and European Studies
•	PhD in Political Science, International Relations Track 	
•	Department of Legal Studies 
(Please rank the order of preference for the degree programs.)
	•	Comparative Constitutional Law Program: LLM 
•	International Business Law Program: LLM 
•	Human Rights Program: MA in Human Rights, LLM in Human Rights
•	Doctor of Juridical Sciences SJD – Comparative Constitutional Law
•	Doctor of Juridical Sciences SJD – International Business Law	
•	Department of Mathematics and its Applications 	•	PhD in Mathematics and its Applications	
•	Department of Medieval Studies
	•	MA in Medieval Studies
•	PhD in Medieval Studies	
•	Nationalism Studies Program 
	•	MA in Nationalism Studies
•	PhD in Comparative History of Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe, Nationalism Studies Specialization	
•	Department of Philosophy 	•	PhD in Philosophy	
•	Department of Political Science	•	MA in Politics and the Political Economy of the Post-Communist Transition
•	PhD in Political Science	
Warsaw, Poland
•	Department of Sociology
(Please rank the order of preference for the degree programs.)
	•	MA in Culture and Society
•	MA in Economy and Society
•	MA in Society and Politics
•	PhD in Sociology	

•	Doctoral Support Program (DSP) Applicants Please indicate your preferred host department:_____________________

If you have indicated more than one department or program, please rank your order of preference here:

First Choice: _____________________________ Second Choice: _________________________________________

Office Use Only:	Dipl ______	Essay ____	EngT _______	CitCode_____	Test_____

		Trans _____	CV ______	ResProp_____	TestCode____	Score____

		Let1 ____	Let2 _____	Let3 ______	PhDSupervLetter ______	

Notes/Number of copies:______________________________________________________________________________________

B. Personal Data (Please attach a recent passport-size photograph)

Mailing Address (where all CEU correspondence will be sent):			__________________
									Valid Until (MM/DD/YY)
									
__________________________________________________________________________________
Street and House Number			City, Postcode			Country	

Permanent Address: (if different from mailing address)	

__________________________________________________________________________________
Street and House Number			City, Postcode			Country	

(Please include country and city codes)

Current Tel: (          ) 			 	Permanent Tel: (          )			

Work Tel: (          )		            		 	Fax: (          )				

Email Address: ____________________________________________________________________
If you indicate an email address CEU will use it for further correspondence. 

Please report any changes in your contact information to the CEU Admissions Office.

Citizenship: 				 	Soros Foundation Code: _____________________
						(See Section III in the directions)

International Passport Number: 		 	Expiration Date: 			__________

Date of Birth (MM/DD/YY): 			   	Place of Birth: 			__________

Mother’s Maiden Name (First and Last): ________________________________________________________________

Are you an alumnus/a of CEU? 	 Yes	 No 	

If  “yes,” from which program did you graduate and when? 						

C. Educational Data

A. Please list in reverse chronological order all post-secondary education (university or equivalent) already completed or to be completed in the present academic year.

Institution	City/
Country	DEGREE AND
SPECIALIZATION	DATES OF ATTENDANCE
         From                      To	

				

		

		

B. Title of thesis or dissertation completed (if applicable): ______________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________                          	
D. Employment Data

Please list all relevant work experience in reverse chronological order (internships and volunteer experience should be included):

Employer	Position	City/Country	DATES	

	

			

E. Language Skills

A. What is your native language? _____________________________________

B. Please indicate your proficiency level with English and any other languages as “excellent,” “good,” or “poor” in the chart provided below.

Language	Reading	Speaking	Writing	
English

				

C. Please describe how you learned English and in what contexts you have had the opportunity to use it:

________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

D. For applicants to Medieval Studies only: please indicate your proficiency level in the following languages as “excellent,” “good,” or “poor” in the chart provided below.

Language	Reading	Speaking	Writing	
French
				
German
				
Greek
				
Latin
				
Old Slavonic

E.	Standardized English-language Tests
All non-native English speakers must submit one of the following English test scores with the application form or by March 18, 2002, in order to be considered for admission to Central European University. For additional information please refer to the relevant section of the CEU Admissions Bulletin. 

TEST 	DATE AND PLACE OF TESTING	SCORE	
Test of English as Foreign Language (TOEFL) 
Paper-based________            CAT________
			
International English Language Testing System (IELTS):		
	
Cambridge Advanced English Test (CAET):		
	
Cambridge Proficiency Test (CPT):		

In the process of applying to CEU, students from CEE/fSU and other countries where Soros foundations operate (see Admissions Bulletin, Part VIII) may take the institutional TOEFL administered annually by CEU. 

Applicants will be invited to participate in the CEU-administered TOEFL test only if successful in the first stage of the selection process and if they are in their own or another CEE/fSU country at the time of the testing.

Applicants from all other countries will be required to take the standard tests indicated under “Language Requirements,” offered throughout the world, and submit their scores with their application or by March 18, 2002 at the latest. Applicants to the Department of Economics, please check the department’s specific requirements. 

F.	Other Tests

CEU will administer department-specific admissions examinations along the same lines and on the same day as the institutional TOEFL.

All CEU-administered examinations will be held on March 9, 2002. Applicants will receive approximately three weeks’ notice if they are selected to participate and no substitute testing date will be arranged.

Please consult the Admissions Bulletin, Part V, for language and minimum test score requirements, and administration of the admissions tests.

G. Additional Information (required)

1. Have you participated in any courses taught by Civic Education Project instructors?
	 Yes		 No

2. Have you applied to CEU before?	 Yes		 No

If “yes,” when and to what program? ________________________________

Were you offered admission?	 Yes		 No

3. How did you learn about Central European University? (Please check as appropriate.)

 Internet 	Press		 TV/Radio	 Local Soros foundation		 CEU faculty and staff
 CEU graduates	
Other: _______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Are you applying to other universities or Soros-funded scholarship opportunities? Please list as appropriate. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________

H. Request for Financial Aid

Policy on Admission and Financial Aid
Admission to CEU is based on an overall evaluation of the candidate including academic achievement, strength of recommendations, English language competency and general compatibility with the goals of the department/program. CEU admits candidates who accept the mission of CEU and its curriculum - tuned to that mission. CEU admits students based on academic merit. Central European University does not discriminate on the basis of - including, but not limited to - race, color, national and ethnic origin, religion, gender or sexual orientation in administering its policies, admissions policies, scholarship and loan programs, and athletic and other school-administered programs.

Each academic year, CEU awards approximately 700 tuition waivers and a number of student living packages in the form of a: 1) full CEU fellowship, or 2) partial financial aid. 

Full or partial financial aid is awarded based on the department/program academic merit ranking and the students' request for financial aid as indicated in this section. The full CEU fellowship covers tuition, room and board, student activity fee, health insurance, and a monthly stipend. Travel and visa grants are also available. CEU awards partial financial aid according to a sliding scale, starting with a full fellowship, a full tuition waiver and a partial living scholarship, a full tuition waiver only, and partial tuition waiver. The exact number of CEU fellowship awards is each year determined by the university's management, within the framework of the policy approved by the Board of Trustees.

Financial Aid Eligibility
From the 2001/2002 academic year, the university will continue to focus on individuals and organizations in the CEE/fSU region while extending the CEU Fellowship Program worldwide. Continued priority concerning the award of financial aid will be given to students from countries of the post-communist world and emerging democracies. However, students from all over the world are eligible to apply to CEU for financial aid.

No student may receive more than one fellowship (or partial financial aid) to study at CEU, except in the event of vertical movement along a course of study, e.g., MA to PhD (this does not preclude the award of a New York MPhil from doctoral degree granting programs). Students seeking to pursue a horizontal course of study (e.g., a second Master’s degree) may apply for admission, but will not be considered for a second CEU fellowship award or partial financial assistance.

Recipients of full fellowships and partial financial assistance may be subject to means testing and must follow the CEU guidelines attached to the fellowship. CEU reserves the right to alter the terms of the fellowship award and eligibility requirements at any time.

Tuition waivers and scholarships are awarded for the immediately following academic year only. These awards are valid for one year and are not transferable if the student defers enrollment. In the case of a two-year Master’s program, the award can be extended for the second year, based on academic performance achieved during the first year, and in accordance with the academic merit tuition waiver procedures. 

For applicants from the United States: Central European University is not a participating institution in the Student Financial Assistance Program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act (Title IV, HEA Program). However, CEU provides assistance to interested students to obtain other loans.

In Summary
Each student offered admission to Central European University is accepted on the basis of academic merit. Ability or willingness to pay tuition and fees does not strengthen a student’s application nor does it provide for any kind of preferential treatment. Decisions on financial aid are made on the basis of merit ranking of the students to be accepted. This list is drawn up by the departments/programs and decisions on financial aid based on a sliding scale are taken in consultation between the department/program and a central Financial Aid Committee. Decisions on financial aid will be announced together with the offer of acceptance to CEU. Financial aid offers are not negotiable after the submission of the signed Enrollment Confirmation Form.

Forms of Financial Aid
Please indicate as appropriate and rank your order of preference. For information on the different financial aid packages please refer to Part VII of the Admissions Bulletin. 

o	CEU Fellowship

o	Tuition Fee Waiver

o  Full Living Scholarship

o  Partial Living Scholarship

o  Travel Grant 

o  Request for Reimbursement of Test Fees

Applicants for financial aid must provide the following information. Please describe in the second column as appropriate.
Places of residence in the last five years, including length of time from and to:
	1.

2.

3.
	
Have you worked or studied in your last place of residence?
		
Your marital status:
		
Personal financial information:
-	Have you been employed prior to applying to CEU?
-	Average annual income over the last two years
-	Do you have savings of your own (list or describe)?
		
Personal or family assets:
-	Do you own a home? (if yes, please state its value)
-	Do you own a car (model, year of production and value)?
-	Do you own a holiday home?
-	Savings, property or assets in another country		
-	How do you plan to finance your studies at CEU or your living expences, in case you are not awarded the requested financial aid package?

		

I. Letters of Recommendation

The two attached Letter of Recommendation forms must be completed by faculty members, job supervisors, etc., who are most familiar with your professional and/or academic abilities and character. Referees are requested to complete these letters in English or, failing that, in their first language (with translation). These forms must not be completed by any person other than the referees whose names are indicated. When completed, each letter of recommendation (with translation, where needed) should be sealed in an envelope and the referee must sign his/her name across the seal. The letters of recommendation should be enclosed with your application or, in exceptional circumstances, mailed directly to the CEU Admissions Office in Budapest. Your application cannot be considered without these letters. Please give the details of your referees below.

The Letter of Recommendation forms have been distributed to:

1. Name: __________________________________	Title: _______________________

Institution: _____________________________________________________________

Mailing address: ______________________________________________________________________
Street and House Number			City, Postcode			Country

Work Tel (with country and city code): (___)___________________Work Fax: (___)_____________

Email: _____________________________________

2. Name: __________________________________	Title: _______________________

Institution: _____________________________________________________________

Mailing address: ______________________________________________________________________
Street and House Number			City, Postcode			Country	

Work Tel (with country and city code): (___)___________________ Work Fax: (___)				

Email: _____________________________________

3. Name: __________________________________	Title: _______________________ (third letter as required by individual departments or programs)

Institution: _____________________________________________________________

Mailing address: ______________________________________________________________________
Street and House Number			City, Postcode			Country	
Work Tel (with country and city code): ______________________ Work Fax: _______________

Email: _____________________________________

J. Verification of Authenticity

By signing my name here, I attest that all information provided in this application and its attachments is true and accurate to the best of my knowledge. I understand that misrepresentation in these documents may cause my application to be disqualified and/or any awarded financial aid rescinded.

_______________________________________________	________________________________
Signature						Date (DD/MM/YY)

 CEU Letter of Recommendation

CEU Admissions Office, Nador u. 9, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
Tel: (36-1) 327-3009, 3208, 3210, 3272    Fax: (36-1) 327-3211   Email: admissions@ceu.hu    http://www.ceu.hu  	

TO BE COMPLETED BY THE APPLICANT

Name of the Applicant: 								 		 

Address: 											           

Please check the appropriate boxes for department or program to which you are applying:

¨ Economics		¨ International Relations and European Studies	¨ Nationalism Studies	
¨ Environmental Sciences and Policy	¨ Legal Studies		¨ Philosophy	
¨ Gender and Culture		¨ Mathematics	¨ Political Science	
¨ History	¨ Medieval Studies		¨ Sociology (Warsaw)	

TO THE WRITER OF THIS RECOMMENDATION
The person named above is applying for admission to one or more postgraduate degree(s) and/or program(s) at Central European University. Please assess the applicant’s ability to conduct graduate-level work and comment on his/her potential for a successful career. Please seal this letter in an envelope, sign across the seal and return to the applicant. In exceptional cases, this letter can be mailed directly to the CEU Admissions Office in Budapest, to be received no later than January 7, 2002.

CHOOSE ONE:
•	I strongly recommend;				o This applicant is in the highest 10% of his/her class
¨    recommend; 						o This applicant is in the next 20% of his/her class
¨    recommend with reservations that this applicant be	o This applicant is in the next 30% of his/her class
admitted to the CEU department(s)/program(s) indicated 	o This applicant is the lowest 40% of  his/her class 
above.

Signature:					Date:						

Name (printed):					Position: 					

Work Tel:(	)				Email:						            

 CEU Letter of Recommendation

CEU Admissions Office, Nador u. 9, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
Tel: (36-1) 327-3009, 3208, 3210, 3272    Fax: (36-1) 327-3211   Email: admissions@ceu.hu    http://www.ceu.hu  	

TO BE COMPLETED BY THE APPLICANT

Name of the Applicant: 								 		

Address: 											           

Please check the appropriate boxes for department or program to which you are applying:

¨ Economics		¨ International Relations and European Studies	¨ Nationalism Studies	
¨ Environmental Sciences and Policy	¨ Legal Studies		¨ Philosophy	
¨ Gender and Culture		¨ Mathematics	¨ Political Science	
¨ History	¨ Medieval Studies		¨ Sociology (Warsaw)	

TO THE WRITER OF THIS RECOMMENDATION
The person named above is applying for admission to one or more postgraduate degree(s) and/or program(s) at Central European University. Please assess the applicant’s ability to conduct graduate-level work and comment on his/her potential for a successful career. Please seal this letter in an envelope, sign across the seal and return to the applicant. In exceptional cases, this letter can be mailed directly to the CEU Admissions Office in Budapest, to be received no later than January 7, 2002.

CHOOSE ONE:
•	I strongly recommend;				o This applicant is in the highest 10% of his/her class
¨    recommend; 						o This applicant is in the next 20% of his/her class
¨    recommend with reservations that this applicant be	o This applicant is in the next 30% of his/her class
admitted to the CEU department(s)/program(s) indicated 	o This applicant is the lowest 40% of  his/her class 
above.

Signature:					Date:						

Name (printed):					Position: 					

Work Tel: (	)				Email:______________________________________